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³¹ Miller E.A. et al. (2008), Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol and caffeine, and risk of anorectal atresia: National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2003. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 23:9-17.

³² Johansen A.M. et al. (2009), Maternal consumption of coffee and caffeine-containing beverages and oral clefts: a population-based case-control study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol, 169:1216-22.

³³ Collier S.A. et al. (2009), Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 85:842-9